essay寫作在我們看來(lái),其實(shí)大部分都是屬于議Essay的范疇。既然是議Essay,那么論證就顯得格外重要。很多人在寫作essay的時(shí)候,除了本身觀點(diǎn),就沒(méi)話可說(shuō)了。寫來(lái)寫去都是重復(fù)一個(gè)表達(dá),這樣肯定是不行的。Australiaway作為專業(yè)代寫Essay機(jī)構(gòu),下面就給大家分享一些小技巧,提升essay寫作論證的充分性。
一、引言
一篇好的作文,有兩個(gè)核心要素,一個(gè)是有切題的論點(diǎn),一個(gè)是有充分的論證。
對(duì)于前者,即便是5段式的文章,不過(guò)就需要三個(gè)分論點(diǎn),想到應(yīng)該不難。
但是后者卻常常比較讓人捉急。有的時(shí)候,為了湊到篇幅,我們不斷的重復(fù)說(shuō)一個(gè)內(nèi)容,而沒(méi)有真正去展開(kāi)?;蛘呖此茖懥艘恍┱撟C的內(nèi)容,卻總感覺(jué)不如范文讀起來(lái)有說(shuō)服力。
其實(shí),大部分強(qiáng)有力的論證,是有跡可循的,可以通過(guò)“玩點(diǎn)手段”,讓觀點(diǎn)讀起來(lái)很有道理。
當(dāng)然,今天的分享有一個(gè)前提條件,就是你想到了基礎(chǔ)的論點(diǎn)和基本的論據(jù)。如果腦袋一片空白,建議大家先去累積思路和素材。
二、正文
要想讓我們支持的觀點(diǎn)更加有說(shuō)服力,我們可以嘗試從下面5點(diǎn)去努力:
1.加論點(diǎn)
說(shuō)得越多,不一定說(shuō)得越有說(shuō)服力,但是說(shuō)得很少,一般很難達(dá)到目的。如果你支持的觀點(diǎn),只有單薄的一個(gè)論點(diǎn),短短的一個(gè)小段,而others的觀點(diǎn)反而有好幾個(gè),自然很難使文章讀起來(lái)“很有道理”。
要想增加支持論點(diǎn)的篇幅,我們可以嘗試:
再寫一段支持的理由
也許單獨(dú)PK,我們支持的角度不能完勝反面,但是,我們用人頭取勝,2個(gè)支持段,1個(gè)讓步段,自然優(yōu)點(diǎn)是大于缺點(diǎn)的(至少數(shù)量上大于)。
并列分論點(diǎn)
有的時(shí)候,原本想到的主題句,角度比較小,確實(shí)寫不長(zhǎng),可以考慮在同一段內(nèi),通過(guò)also/beside/another point to consider is that等,并列一個(gè)相關(guān)但不完全一樣的論點(diǎn)。二合一的效果一般大于單打獨(dú)斗。
比如,在是否應(yīng)該公交完全免費(fèi)的題目中,我們的缺點(diǎn)段寫到政府費(fèi)用昂貴的問(wèn)題,但是,怎么寫都不夠長(zhǎng),我們可以在同一段中,繼續(xù)補(bǔ)充:這也會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一個(gè)問(wèn)題,即車內(nèi)擁擠。
例文片段如下:
….This policy would also likely lead a separate problem of overcrowding.….
但是,記得,一段里面有多個(gè)論點(diǎn)并列的話,段首的主題句要改一下,寫得更泛:
XX had many benefits/there are several reasons to support this view/people have raised a number of objections to the proposed changes,
或者把兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)都涵蓋到:…could benefit both individuals and society.
多次論證
任何一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),都可以用很多不同的論證方法去論證。有些可以解釋一下原因,有些可以舉出具體的例子。
所以,除了只寫一個(gè)原因,一個(gè)例子之外,我們?yōu)槭裁床欢鄬憥讉€(gè)?比如,兩個(gè)原因,兩個(gè)例子,或者原因+例子,或者前因+后果,等等。
這樣,即使每單次的論證不是很有說(shuō)服力,多次疊加之后,就可以撐起一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的段落了。
比如,在是否應(yīng)該允許員工在家工作的題目中,我們想到,很多情況下,都是大有好處的。已經(jīng)寫了一個(gè)情況,如果周末有突發(fā)狀況處理,就不用浪費(fèi)時(shí)間去單位一趟了。
發(fā)現(xiàn)論證不夠充分,我們可以繼續(xù)舉更多的例子,比如:生病的人可以在家養(yǎng)病,同時(shí)兼顧工作,帶孩子的人可以更多陪伴家人。
例文片段如下:
….If an employee has a bad cold,there is no need to come into work and spread it to others,and also no need to take the entire day off.He/she can have a relatively relaxing day at home and still complete the key elements of jobs.Parents with young children of course greatly appreciate the ability to work from home,as it not only saves them daycare costs but also allows them to spend more time with their children.….
又比如,在學(xué)歷對(duì)于找工作是否重要的題目中,我們認(rèn)為學(xué)歷體現(xiàn)出一個(gè)人的能力,寫到了一個(gè)原因:專業(yè)技能對(duì)很多工作的重要性。
如果希望段落更有說(shuō)服力,我們可以舉一些例子,比如醫(yī)生這樣的職業(yè),高學(xué)歷和專業(yè)度緊密相關(guān)?;蛘?,我們可以并列一個(gè)原因:文憑不僅體現(xiàn)專業(yè)能力,還體現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)能力。
例文片段如下:
….If someone has gone through university and got a good degree,regardless of the subject,it suggests that they are a person who is able to learn new skills,can work to deadlines and has a degree of basic intelligence.
2.加細(xì)節(jié)
任何時(shí)候,要想論證更加有力,都可以強(qiáng)化細(xì)節(jié)的描述。每次寫到類似problems/skills/activities等比較抽象的復(fù)數(shù)集合名詞的時(shí)候,我都會(huì)忍不住問(wèn)自己:具體是什么問(wèn)題,什么技能,什么活動(dòng)呢?
你可以在后面直接such as羅列一些名詞,或者把這每個(gè)問(wèn)題、技能、活動(dòng),單獨(dú)寫出來(lái),這樣既增加了篇幅,也增加了說(shuō)服力。比如:
比如,在犯罪分子是否應(yīng)該固定刑罰的話題中,我們認(rèn)為,要根據(jù)情況而定,除了寫,有很多影響因素之外,我們可以列舉出具體的罪行和其可能的影響因素。
例文片段如下:
….Take murder for example,the offender could have been provoked,they may have reacted in a moment of passion,or perhaps they had been plotting it for moths.One set of sentence won’t be appropriate for these very different circumstances,even if they could all be classed as murder.
又比如,在傳統(tǒng)文化是否應(yīng)該商業(yè)化的題目中,我們除了泛泛地說(shuō):很多文化遺產(chǎn)通過(guò)商業(yè)化得到很好的保護(hù)之外,還可以舉出某一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)方式因?yàn)殚_(kāi)發(fā)旅游項(xiàng)目得到發(fā)展的例子,從而增加論點(diǎn)的可信度。
例文片段如下:
….Some have given the example of Turkish baths.This is a practice that fell out of favour with young Turks a long time ago,something that would otherwise spell the end for many of the traditional bath houses.However,the bath houses are thriving and the cultural practice is still very alive,mostly due to the large number of tourists who visit them.
不用擔(dān)心給出專有名詞老師不知道,就怕不給專有名詞,反而會(huì)讓論證顯得空洞,比如上面例文切片中的“土耳其浴”,雖然我們不知道具體是干嘛的,但是我們還是可以理解意思。
又比如,我之前給出的示范:
原文:
Finally,it is widely believed that some artistic outputs have contributed to the tourism of a country.There are holidaymakers who visit a country so they can witness a painting,sculptures or any artistic masterpiece.To illustrate,the painting of Juan Luna“the Spolarium”in the Philippines has lured a considerable number of foreign visitors.This is because the painting depicts the suffering of most Filipinosat the time of Spaniard regime,which becomes a historical event in the country.
其中Juan Luna、“the Spolarium”、Spaniard regime都是專有名詞,我完全不知道啥意思,但是,不影響我認(rèn)同作者的觀點(diǎn)。
對(duì)比于沒(méi)有這么具體的細(xì)節(jié),加上之后,反而更加有說(shuō)服力,不信,你可以自己感受一下:
刪除專有詞之后:
....To illustrate,the painting of some local events has lured a considerable number of foreign visitors.This is because the painting depicts the suffering of people in the history of the Philippines.
3.作對(duì)比
正面的論述寫到?jīng)]話說(shuō)了,我們就寫反面。
一種是寫同類事物的缺點(diǎn),反襯我們所支持的方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
比如,在是否一定要上大學(xué)的題目中,我們支持早點(diǎn)出去工作,可以累積更多的實(shí)用技能。如果要強(qiáng)化論證,我們可以反向強(qiáng)調(diào)一下,大學(xué)的知識(shí)更多是理論化的,和實(shí)際脫節(jié),學(xué)生拿到一個(gè)好文憑,卻不能把工作做好。
例文片段如下:
….Comparatively,the knowledge imparted in the university courses is quite theoretical,and it is not uncommon to see that a youngster holding a bachelor or even a master degree cannot deal with practical issues in the job.
另一種方法,可以反向假設(shè)不這么做的缺點(diǎn),也是為了反襯自己支持角度的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
比如,在大學(xué)生是否要參加課外活動(dòng)的文章中,我們認(rèn)為,這個(gè)經(jīng)歷對(duì)找工作很重要。順著說(shuō)寫不長(zhǎng)的話,可以嘗試反著說(shuō):如果只有文憑,雇主會(huì)覺(jué)得他們?nèi)鄙偕罱?jīng)歷。
例文片段如下:
….If a student graduates from university with nothing more than the degree certificate,employers are likely to feel that they are lacking in life experience and are too one-dimensional.
4.抓典型
再多的道理,有的時(shí)候,不一定比一個(gè)最典型例子來(lái)得生動(dòng)有力。當(dāng)我們把這個(gè)論點(diǎn)緊密相關(guān)的,最有可能受到影響的對(duì)象點(diǎn)出來(lái),往往更加一目了然。
especially/in particular/particularly/this is especially true in…
比如,在是否應(yīng)該去偏遠(yuǎn)地方開(kāi)采石油的題目中,我們寫到這對(duì)環(huán)境有破壞,可以特別提到最原始的地區(qū):極地。因?yàn)槟莾和耆珱](méi)有被開(kāi)采過(guò),人類的活動(dòng)會(huì)造成永久性傷害。
例文片段如下:
….A leaking oil rig can cause severe damage to marine life for thousands of miles and given the remote location clean-up operations are extremely difficult.This is especially true in Arctic region,where some oil companies have begun operating.A major oil spill in such pristine waters would be catastrophic,and the damage could be permanent.
另外一種抓典型的方法,就是設(shè)想一些極端情況,把惡果無(wú)限放大,使得段落讀起來(lái)很有道理。
In some extreme cases/to make matters worse/in the worst-case scenario
比如,在父母和學(xué)校是否應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格管教孩子的題目中,我們想到,缺少管教的孩子,會(huì)為所欲為,做一些不正當(dāng)?shù)氖虑椤榱思訌?qiáng)論證,我們可以說(shuō),他們甚至可能被不良信息誘導(dǎo),從而犯罪。
例文片段如下:
….Given that young children are immature,they don’t necessarily understand the consequences of their actions.So they are highly impressionable and can be easily led astray by older criminals in some extreme cases.
5.推未來(lái)
很多事情,短期來(lái)看,平淡無(wú)奇,似乎不值得一提。但是,一旦拉長(zhǎng)時(shí)間軸,很多問(wèn)題、或者是好處就自然現(xiàn)形了。
這需要我們把前面的論證,繼續(xù)往后推導(dǎo)一下,才能讓讀者看到這其中的巨大潛力。
In the long term/after growing up/in the future/in adult life/it is foreseeable that
比如,在孩子是否應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的文章中,我們會(huì):
分析競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的好處,舉一些相關(guān)例子,比如通過(guò)公布排名,表?yè)P(yáng)成績(jī)優(yōu)異者,讓所有人更加努力。(如何發(fā)現(xiàn)寫到這里,篇幅還是不夠)我們可以進(jìn)一步推導(dǎo),這個(gè)對(duì)他們的成年生活有好處,現(xiàn)在人才市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈,容不下傷不起的人。
例文片段如下:
….If children are always shielded from the feeling of failure,whether it be in the classroom,sports field or elsewhere,then it is hardly the ideal preparation for adult life.The modern job market is highly competitive and there is little room for those who struggle to deal with setbacks.
又比如,如果我們認(rèn)為,合作意識(shí)更重要,在常規(guī)論證之后,也可以在段末做類似的推導(dǎo):如果小時(shí)候總是被鼓勵(lì)要打敗對(duì)手,有些人在長(zhǎng)大后會(huì)很難在工作中與同事合作。
例文片段如下:
….It is also worth considering the psychological implications of children spending their early years in constant competition.After growing up always being encouraged to beat one’s peers,some might find it difficult to cooperate effectively with colleagues at work.
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
以上是我們今天為大家整理的,如何使論證更加有說(shuō)服力的5個(gè)小方法。下次寫作的時(shí)候,千萬(wàn)不要重復(fù)一個(gè)論點(diǎn)或者一個(gè)意思,而是把每個(gè)論點(diǎn)都充分展開(kāi),這才是“議Essay”——論證能力的終極體現(xiàn)。
以上就是關(guān)于essay寫作提升論證充分性的方法。如果本身的基礎(chǔ)論證都無(wú)法做到,還是要多看范文,學(xué)習(xí)甚至死記硬背其中的較好觀點(diǎn)和論證手法。需要代寫Essay服務(wù)的同學(xué)可以掃描右邊的二維碼聯(lián)系我們的客服哦!